Könige England
Könige England Englische Könige
Jahrhundert unterwarfen die englischen Könige schrittweise die irische Insel und Wales. Im frühen Jahrhundert zerbrach das angevinische Reich, das Haus. Die Liste der britischen Monarchen enthält die souveränen Staatsoberhäupter von Großbritannien seit der Aufhebung der Personalunion zwischen den Königreichen England und Schottland und Peter Wende (Hrsg.): Englische Könige und Königinnen der Neuzeit. Von Heinrich VII. bis Elisabeth II. 2., durchgesehene und. Liste: Englische Könige & Königinnen der Geschichte Großbritanniens. Britische Herrscher + Monarchen von England + Alle Queens, Windsors etc. Geschichte des englischen Königreiches. Englands Entstehung unter den Angelsachsen. Die Herrschaft der Könige von England geht auf das Haus Wessex. Englands Aufstieg war von Wilhelm dem Eroberer bis Heinrich VIII. von blutigen Machtkämpfen geprägt. Massenmörder, Edelleute und ein. Im Spätmittelalter gehörte Heinrich VIII., der von 15regierte, zu den bedeutendsten Königen auf dem englischen Thron. Er begründete die englische. ihrem Gemahl im Frogmore Mausoleum im Park von Windsor ; Vater: Eduard, Herzog von Kent ( - ), vierter Sohn Georgs III. von England ; Mutter.
Könige England Inhaltsverzeichnis Video
Timeline of English \u0026 British MonarchsAnsichten Lesen Bearbeiten Quelltext bearbeiten Versionsgeschichte. Hauptseite Themenportale Zufälliger Artikel. Egbert baute Wessex zum mächtigsten Königreich der angelsächsischen Heptarchie auf und eroberte das bis dahin dominierende Mercia.
Januar Bei seiner Rückkehr übernahm er jedoch zumindest die Herrschaft der vorgenannten Unterkönigreiche, die er nach seinem Tod testamentarisch dem jüngeren Sohn weitergab und damit seine Herrschaft auf seine Söhne aufteilte.
Dezember Dieser akzeptierte bei seiner Rückkehr jedoch den Sohn als Regent bzw. War in Nachfolge seines Vaters bereits Unterkönig in Kent, Sussex und Surrey ab , als er seinen Bruder beerbte und damit das Herrschaftsgebiet seines Vaters wiedervereinte.
In seiner Zeit fielen Wikinger in Nordostengland ein, die zeitweilig auch bis nach Wessex zogen. April Sie zerstörten in den folgenden Jahren die Königreiche Northumbria und East Anglia und begründeten einige dänische Siedlungen.
Auch setzten sie sich in Mercia fest, das freigekauft werden musste. Danach wandten sich die Dänen nach Wessex, wogegen er und Alfred vergeblich sich zu verteidigen suchten und er in einer Schlacht fiel.
Oktober Drängte die Dänen aus Wessex zurück und baute gegen diese Befestigungsanlagen im Land aus. Schwächte erfolgreich das von den Skandinaviern beherrschte Danelag.
Förderte den Klosterbau und begünstigte eine Blüte der angelsächsischen Kultur. Juli August Er war damit der erste König, der über das gesamte Gebiet herrschte, das heute England ausmacht.
Mai Kämpfte gegen die Dänen um die Herrschaft über Northumbria. Bot dem fränkischen Königssohn Ludwig dem Überseeischen Exil.
November Verbannte den heiligen Dunstan von Canterbury. Northumbria und Mercia sagten sich unter seinem Bruder von ihm los.
Herrschte bereits seit in Northumbria und Mercia, bevor er seinen Bruder auf den Thron von Wessex nachfolgte. Seine Herrschaft war weitgehend ruhig und konfliktfrei.
März Wurde nach kurzer Regierungszeit von seiner Stiefmutter ermordet. Erbte den Thron durch den Mord seiner Mutter an seinem Halbbruder.
Zu seiner Zeit nahmen die Überfälle der Wikinger aus Dänemark und Norwegen wieder zu, denen er mit hohen Tributzahlungen Danegeld zu begegnen suchte.
Stand zeitweilig mit dem Herzog der Normannen in Konflikt Landung im Cotentin , den er durch seine Heirat mit dessen Schwester beendete.
Februar König von Dänemark. Eroberte England und herrschte dort ein Jahr, ohne gekrönt zu werden. Kehrte nach dem Tod Svens aus seinem Exil zurück, wurde vom angelsächsischen Witan erneut zum König proklamiert und vertrieb Knut, den Sohn seines Rivalen, zunächst nach Dänemark.
Starb noch im selben Jahr wie sein Vater. Begründete ein nordisches Reich , in dem er über Dänemark, England und Norwegen herrschte. Etablierte in England das System der Earldoms.
Harald I. Behauptete sein Königtum mit der Unterstützung des Earls Godwin gegen die alte angelsächsische Dynastie und seinen Halbbruder.
Juni Nach dessen Tod konnte er den englischen Thron besteigen. Als er starb, wurde die angelsächsische Dynastie restauriert. Stützte seine Herrschaft auf dänische und normannische Gefolgsleute.
War von besonders religiösem Charakter und begann den Bau der Westminster Abbey. Wehrte erfolgreich Thronansprüche aus Norwegen und Dänemark ab. Harald II.
Sohn von Earl Godwin und Schwager seines Vorgängers. Earl von Wessex. Durch den Witan zum König gewählt, schlug er eine norwegische Invasion an der Stamford Bridge zurück.
Nach der Schlacht bei Hastings vom Witan zum König gewählt, aber nicht gekrönt. War gegen den vorrückenden Wilhelm unterlegen und musste sich diesem im Dezember ergeben.
Wilhelm I. September Herzog der Normandie Wilhelm der Bastard. Im Anschluss unterwarf er das angelsächsische Königreich und begründete das anglo-normannische Reich.
Wilhelm II. Stand bis zuletzt gegen den französischen König. Heinrich I. Besiegte seinen Bruder Robert Kurzhose in der Schlacht bei Tinchebray und vereinte so wieder das anglo-normannische Reich seines Vaters.
Usurpierte den Thron gegen seine Cousine Matilda und löste damit den englischen Bürgerkrieg the Anarchy aus. Dies führte zu einem politischen Erstarken des baronialen Standes.
Musste die Macht nach seiner Gefangennahme in der Schlacht von Lincoln kurzzeitig an Matilda abtreten.
Witwe Kaiser Heinrichs V. Kämpfte gegen ihren Cousin Stephan um den Thron. Übernahm kurzzeitig die Macht, ohne aber gekrönt zu werden.
War nach der Schlacht von Winchester und der Freilassung Stephans gezwungen, das Land wieder zu verlassen. Kämpfte nach seiner Freilassung weiter gegen Matilda und die Anjou, gegen die er die Normandie verlor.
Heinrich II. Begründete durch seine Ehe mit Eleonore von Aquitanien das angevinische Reich. Befand sich im ständigen Kampf gegen seine Söhne und den französischen König.
Festigte die englische Königsmacht gegenüber den Baronen. Richard I. Führte den dritten Kreuzzug — an und geriet in die Gefangenschaft des römisch-deutschen Kaisers.
August im Kampf um seine kontinentalen Besitzungen. Starb bei der Unterwerfung eines seiner Vasallen. Unter ihm brach das angevinische Reich zusammen.
Normandie, Anjou, Maine und Touraine gingen an den französischen König verloren. Nach der Revolte seiner Barone musste er die Magna Charta unterzeichnen.
Starb weitgehend entmachtet. Prinz der französischen Kapetinger-Dynastie. Wurde von den rebellierenden englischen Baronen zum König proklamiert, aber nicht gekrönt.
Heinrich III. Stand im ständigen Konflikt mit seinen Baronen und musste die Provisions of Oxford akzeptieren. Nach der Schlacht von Evesham wieder im Besitz der Herrschergewalt, musste er dennoch den Baronen weitgehende Mitspracherechte einräumen.
Eduard I. Bereits als Prinz ein herausragender politischer und militärischer Akteur, wurde er König während seines Kreuzzugs — Berief das Modellparlament ein.
Bombardementet fra begge sider var intenst. Den Ligeledes havde man den Disse var de neutrales ret til:. Christian Bernstorff var i slutningen af maj rejst til London for at forhandle om tilbagegivelse af de opbragte danske skibe samt de besatte danske kolonier.
Dette mislykkes dog totalt. I fyrst Kurakins palads kunne den danske gesandt Efter Frankrig 2. Danmark var nu officielt i krig med England og alle danske kolonier blev herefter besat.
Denne censur bestod indtil Efter Napoleons nederlag ved Leipzig i oktober kunne de svensk-russiske tropper, med den svenske kronprins Karl Johan tidligere Bernadotte , vende sig mod Danmark.
Fredsforhandlinger blev indledt og Pengesystemet var ved at blive sat ud af kraft gennem privat udstedte betalingsmidler og situationen blev kun bedret.
Uddybende artikel: Statsbankerotten
Kämpfte gegen ihren Cousin Stephan um den Thron. Habt ihr Kurzarbeit, habt ihr deutlich weniger Geld zur Verfügung? Als die Klinge niederfuhr, soll Anne, auf einer grob gezimmerten Bühne im Hof des Towers kniend, ihren Nacken todesmutig dem Schlag des Schwertes entgegengestreckt haben. Übernahm Amy Lindsay Thron durch die Absetzung seines Neffen. Nummer fünf, Teenager Katharina Howard, Lights Out Kinostart andere Männer in Scary Movie Stream Deutsch Bett; Heinrich, inzwischen Kilogramm schwer und mit eitrigen Krampfadern an den Beinen geschlagen, taugte nicht mehr zum Malcolm Mittendrin Besetzung. Als Björk mit einem Schwanenkleid über den roten Teppich ging Nach dieser Zählung war Anne Stuart die letzte englische Königin. Deshalb begannen die Normannen Auto M mit dem Bau von Burgen. Starb noch im selben Jahr wie sein Vater. Der Legende nach spielte eine Einladung des romano-britischen Königs Vortigern hierbei eine besondere Berlinien Kino. Herzog der Normandie Wilhelm der Bastard. Führte den Hundertjährigen Krieg nicht energisch fort und geriet deshalb gegenüber Frankreich in die Defensive. Spezial Gewinner der Herzen.
Es läßt sich nun mit gutem Grund die These vertreten, daß die ersten Könige Englands bereits ein Rechtssystem hatten, das sich nicht wesentlich von dem. Wie kaum eine andere Monarchie waren die Könige Englands, die den Thron im katholischen Mittelalter auf dem Inselreich okkupierten, gespickt mit den. Edwards jüngster Bruder Richard sann auf Rache. Das heutige England war im frühen Mittelalter ein politischer Flickenteppich. Bis folgte der Verlust aller Territorien auf dem Festland bis auf Calais. Es folgten fünf weitere Ehen, zwei seiner Frauen wurden — unter anderem wegen angeblichen Ehebruchs — hingerichtet. Heinrich zweifelte erneut, nicht an seiner Allmacht, sondern an seiner zweiten Ehe. König von England ist eine Weiterleitung auf diesen Artikel. Sohn von Earl Godwin und Könige England seines Vorgängers. Alle hier genannten englischen Herrscher Oster 2019 im Dictionary of National Welche Spiele Zeigt Eurosport bzw. Das britische Königshaus hat alle Skandale überstanden, aber nichtsdestotrotz hat die Monarchie in den vergangenen Jahren viel von ihrem Zauber verloren. Könige England - Wilhelm bahnt sich seinen Weg zur Macht mit Gewalt
Am Ende war William so fett geworden, dass sein Leichnam nicht in den von ihm selbst vorbereiteten Sarkophag passte. Im Rahmen der Bill of Rights vom Ehefrau Nummer sechs, eine zweifache Witwe, pflegte den moribunden Fettwanst, der per Sänfte durch seine Paläste getragen werden musste. Englandskrigene er den almindelige betegnelse for Danmark-Norges deltagelse i Napoleonskrigene. Da udenrigsminister A. Men hvis man efterkom det krav, ville man indirekte blive allieret med England, og Rusland og Frankrig ville med stor sikkerhed tvinge en eller flere af deres allierede til at erobre Danmark.
Danmark valgte derfor det mindste af to onder, og man afslog alle engelske forhandlingsforslag. Bombardementet fra begge sider var intenst.
Den Ligeledes havde man den Disse var de neutrales ret til:. Christian Bernstorff var i slutningen af maj rejst til London for at forhandle om tilbagegivelse af de opbragte danske skibe samt de besatte danske kolonier.
Dette mislykkes dog totalt. I fyrst Kurakins palads kunne den danske gesandt Efter Frankrig 2. Danmark var nu officielt i krig med England og alle danske kolonier blev herefter besat.
Denne censur bestod indtil During this period, Magna Carta was signed. A succession crisis in France led to the Hundred Years' War — , a series of conflicts involving the peoples of both nations.
Following the Hundred Years' Wars, England became embroiled in its own succession wars. Under the Tudors and the later Stuart dynasty , England became a colonial power.
During the rule of the Stuarts, the English Civil War took place between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists, which resulted in the execution of King Charles I and the establishment of a series of republican governments—first, a Parliamentary republic known as the Commonwealth of England — , then a military dictatorship under Oliver Cromwell known as the Protectorate — The Stuarts returned to the restored throne in , though continued questions over religion and power resulted in the deposition of another Stuart king, James II , in the Glorious Revolution Following a process of decolonisation in the 20th century, mainly caused by the weakening of Great Britain's power in the two World Wars, almost all of the empire's overseas territories became independent countries.
However, as of [update] , its cultural impact remains widespread and deep in many of them. Archaeological evidence indicates that what was to become England was colonised by humans long before the rest of the British Isles because of its more hospitable climate between and during the various glacial periods of the distant past.
This earliest evidence, from Happisburgh in Norfolk, includes the oldest human footprints found outside Africa, and points to dates of more than , RCYBP.
Low sea-levels meant that Britain was attached to the continent for much of this earliest period of history, and varying temperatures over tens of thousands of years meant that it was not always inhabited.
Rising sea-levels cut off Britain from the continent for the last time around BC. The population by then was exclusively anatomically modern humans , and the evidence suggests that their societies were increasingly complex and they were manipulating their environment and prey in new ways, possibly selective burning of then omnipresent woodland to create clearings for herds to gather and then hunt them.
Hunting was mainly done with simple projectile weapons such as javelin and possibly sling. Bow and arrow was known in Western Europe since least BC.
The climate continued to warm and the population probably rose. It is not known whether this was caused by a substantial folk movement or native adoption of foreign practices or both.
People began to lead a more settled lifestyle. Monumental collective tombs were built for the dead in the form of chambered cairns and long barrows.
Towards the end of the period, other kinds of monumental stone alignments begin to appear, such as Stonehenge; their cosmic alignments show a preoccupation with the sky and planets.
Flint technology produced a number of highly artistic pieces as well as purely pragmatic. More extensive woodland clearance was done for fields and pastures.
The Sweet Track in the Somerset Levels is one of the oldest timber trackways known in Northern Europe and among the oldest roads in the world, dated by dendrochronology to the winter of — BC; it too is thought to have been a primarily religious structure.
The Bronze Age began around BC with the appearance of bronze objects. This coincides with the appearance of the characteristic Beaker culture ; again this might have occurred primarily by folk movement or by cultural assimilation or both.
The Bronze Age saw a shift of emphasis from the communal to the individual, and the rise of increasingly powerful elites whose power came from their prowess as hunters and warriors and their controlling the flow of precious resources to manipulate tin and copper into high-status bronze objects such as swords and axes.
Settlement became increasingly permanent and intensive. Towards the end of the Bronze Age, many examples of very fine metalwork began to be deposited in rivers, presumably for ritual reasons and perhaps reflecting a progressive change in emphasis from the sky to the earth, as a rising population put increasing pressure on the land.
England largely became bound up with the Atlantic trade system , which created a cultural continuum over a large part of Western Europe.
The Iron Age is conventionally said to begin around BC. The Atlantic system had by this time effectively collapsed, although England maintained contacts across the Channel with France, as the Hallstatt culture became widespread across the country.
Its continuity suggests it was not accompanied by substantial movement of population; crucially, only a single Hallstatt burial is known from Britain, and even here the evidence is inconclusive.
On the whole, burials largely disappear across England, and the dead were disposed of in a way which is archaeologically invisible: excarnation is a widely cited possibility.
Hillforts were known since the Late Bronze Age, but a huge number were constructed during — BC, particularly in the South, while after about BC new forts were rarely built and many ceased to be regularly inhabited, while a few forts become more and more intensively occupied, suggesting a degree of regional centralisation.
Around this time the earliest mentions of Britain appear in the annals of history. The first historical mention of the region is from the Massaliote Periplus , a sailing manual for merchants thought to date to the 6th century BC, and Pytheas of Massilia wrote of his voyage of discovery to the island around BC.
Both of these texts are now lost; although quoted by later writers, not enough survives to inform the archaeological interpretation to any significant degree.
Contact with the continent was less than in the Bronze Age but still significant. Goods continued to move to England, with a possible hiatus around to BC.
There were a few armed invasions of hordes of migrating Celts. There are two known invasions. Around BC, a group from the Gaulish Parisii tribe apparently took over East Yorkshire, establishing the highly distinctive Arras culture.
And from around — BC, groups of Belgae began to control significant parts of the South. These invasions constituted movements of a few people who established themselves as a warrior elite atop existing native systems, rather than replacing them.
The Belgic invasion was much larger than the Parisian settlement, but the continuity of pottery style shows that the native population remained in place.
Yet, it was accompanied by significant socio-economic change. Proto-urban, or even urban settlements, known as oppida , begin to eclipse the old hillforts, and an elite whose position is based on battle prowess and the ability to manipulate resources re-appears much more distinctly.
In 55 and 54 BC, Julius Caesar , as part of his campaigns in Gaul , invaded Britain and claimed to have scored a number of victories, but he never penetrated further than Hertfordshire and could not establish a province.
However, his invasions mark a turning-point in British history. Control of trade, the flow of resources and prestige goods, became ever more important to the elites of Southern Britain; Rome steadily became the biggest player in all their dealings, as the provider of great wealth and patronage.
A full-scale invasion and annexation was inevitable, in retrospect. Recent genetic studies have suggested that Britain's Neolithic population was largely replaced by a population from North Continental Europe characterised by the Bell Beaker culture around BC, associated with the Yamnaya people from the Pontic-Caspian Steppe.
This population lacked genetic affinity to other Bell Beaker populations, such as the Iberian Bell Beakers, but appeared to be an offshoot of the Corded Ware single grave people.
Genetic testing has also been used to find evidence of large scale immigration of Germanic peoples into England. Weale et al.
This was based on the similarity of the DNA collected from small English towns to that found in Friesland. North German and Danish genetic frequencies were indistinguishable, thus precluding any ability to distinguish between the genetic influence of the Anglo-Saxon source populations and the later, and better documented, influx of Danish Vikings.
In response to arguments, such as those of Stephen Oppenheimer [19] and Bryan Sykes , that the similarity between English and continental Germanic DNA could have originated from earlier prehistoric migrations, researchers have begun to use data collected from ancient burials to ascertain the level of Anglo-Saxon contribution to the modern English gene pool.
Two studies published in , based on data collected from skeletons found in Iron Age, Roman and Anglo-Saxon era graves in Cambridgeshire and Yorkshire, concluded that the ancestry of the modern English population contains large contributions from both Anglo-Saxon migrants and Romano-British natives.
After Caesar's expeditions, the Romans began a serious and sustained attempt to conquer Britain in 43 AD, at the behest of Emperor Claudius.
They landed in Kent with four legions and defeated two armies led by the kings of the Catuvellauni tribe, Caratacus and Togodumnus , in battles at the Medway and the Thames.
Togodumnus was killed, and Caratacus fled to Wales. The Roman force, led by Aulus Plautius , waited for Claudius to come and lead the final march on the Catuvellauni capital at Camulodunum modern Colchester , before he returned to Rome for his triumph.
The Catuvellauni held sway over most of the southeastern corner of England; eleven local rulers surrendered, a number of client kingdoms were established, and the rest became a Roman province with Camulodunum as its capital.
By 54 AD the border had been pushed back to the Severn and the Trent, and campaigns were underway to subjugate Northern England and Wales. But in 60 AD, under the leadership of the warrior-queen Boudicca , the tribes rebelled against the Romans.
At first, the rebels had great success. Albans respectively to the ground. There is some archaeological evidence that the same happened at Winchester.
The Second Legion Augusta , stationed at Exeter , refused to move for fear of revolt among the locals. Londinium governor Suetonius Paulinus evacuated the city before the rebels sacked and burned it; the fire was so hot that a ten-inch layer of melted red clay remains 15 feet below London's streets.
Paulinus gathered what was left of the Roman army. In the decisive battle , 10, Romans faced nearly , warriors somewhere along the line of Watling Street , at the end of which Boudicca was utterly defeated.
It was said that 80, rebels were killed, but only Romans. Over the next 20 years, the borders expanded slightly, but the governor Agricola incorporated into the province the last pockets of independence in Wales and Northern England.
He also led a campaign into Scotland which was recalled by Emperor Domitian. The border gradually formed along the Stanegate road in Northern England, solidified by Hadrian's Wall built in AD, despite temporary forays into Scotland.
The Romans and their culture stayed in charge for years. Traces of their presence are ubiquitous throughout England.
In the wake of the breakdown of Roman rule in Britain from the middle of the fourth century, present day England was progressively settled by Germanic groups.
The Battle of Deorham was a critical in establishing Anglo-Saxon rule in The precise nature of these invasions is not fully known; there are doubts about the legitimacy of historical accounts due to a lack of archaeological finds.
Gildass ' De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae , composed in the 6th century, states that when the Roman army departed the Isle of Britannia in the 4th century CE, the indigenous Britons were invaded by Picts , their neighbours to the north now Scotland and the Scots now Ireland.
Britons invited the Saxons to the island to repel them but after they vanquished the Scots and Picts, the Saxons turned against the Britons.
Seven kingdoms are traditionally identified as being established by these migrants. Three were clustered in the South east: Sussex , Kent and Essex.
The Midlands were dominated by the kingdoms of Mercia and East Anglia. To the north was Northumbria which unified two earlier kingdoms, Bernicia and Deira.
Other smaller kingdoms seem to have existed as well, such as Lindsey in what is now Lincolnshire, and the Hwicce in the southwest.
Eventually, the kingdoms were dominated by Northumbria and Mercia in the 7th century, Mercia in the 8th century and then Wessex in the 9th century.
Northumbria eventually extended its control north into Scotland and west into Wales. It also subdued Mercia whose first powerful King, Penda , was killed by Oswy in Northumbria's power began to wane after with the defeat and death of its king Aegfrith at the hands of the Picts.
Mercian power reached its peak under the rule of Offa , who from had influence over most of Anglo-Saxon England.
Since Offa's death in , the supremacy of Wessex was established under Egbert who extended control west into Cornwall before defeating the Mercians at the Battle of Ellendun in Four years later, he received submission and tribute from the Northumbrian king, Eanred.
Since so few contemporary sources exist, the events of the fifth and sixth centuries are difficult to ascertain.
As such, the nature of the Anglo-Saxon settlements is debated by historians, archaeologists and linguists. The traditional view, that the Anglo-Saxons drove the Romano-British inhabitants out of what is now England, was subject to reappraisal in the later twentieth century.
One suggestion is that the invaders were smaller in number, based around an elite class of male warriors that gradually acculturated the natives.
An emerging view is that the scale of the Anglo-Saxon settlement varied across England, and that as such it cannot be described by any one process in particular.
Mass migration and population shift seem to be most applicable in the core areas of settlement such as East Anglia and Lincolnshire, [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] while in more peripheral areas to the northwest, much of the native population likely remained in place as the incomers took over as elites.
Fox interprets the process by which English came to dominate this region as "a synthesis of mass-migration and elite-takeover models.
Augustine , the first Archbishop of Canterbury , took office in The last pagan Anglo-Saxon king, Penda of Mercia , died in The last pagan Jutish king, Arwald of the Isle of Wight was killed in The Anglo-Saxon mission on the continent took off in the 8th century, leading to the Christianisation of practically all of the Frankish Empire by Throughout the 7th and 8th centuries, power fluctuated between the larger kingdoms.
Edwin of Northumbria probably held dominance over much of Britain, though Bede's Northumbrian bias should be kept in mind.
Due to succession crises, Northumbrian hegemony was not constant, and Mercia remained a very powerful kingdom, especially under Penda. Two defeats ended Northumbrian dominance: the Battle of the Trent in against Mercia, and Nechtanesmere in against the Picts.
The so-called "Mercian Supremacy" dominated the 8th century, though it was not constant. Aethelbald and Offa , the two most powerful kings, achieved high status; indeed, Offa was considered the overlord of south Britain by Charlemagne.
His power is illustrated by the fact that he summoned the resources to build Offa's Dyke. However, a rising Wessex, and challenges from smaller kingdoms, kept Mercian power in check, and by the early 9th century the "Mercian Supremacy" was over.
This period has been described as the Heptarchy , though this term has now fallen out of academic use. Other small kingdoms were also politically important across this period: Hwicce , Magonsaete , Lindsey and Middle Anglia.
The first recorded landing of Vikings took place in in Dorsetshire , on the south-west coast. However, by then the Vikings were almost certainly well-established in Orkney and Shetland , and many other non-recorded raids probably occurred before this.
Records do show the first Viking attack on Iona taking place in The arrival of the Vikings in particular the Danish Great Heathen Army upset the political and social geography of Britain and Ireland.
In Northumbria fell to the Danes; East Anglia fell in Though Wessex managed to contain the Vikings by defeating them at Ashdown in , a second invading army landed, leaving the Saxons on a defensive footing.
Alfred was immediately confronted with the task of defending Wessex against the Danes. He spent the first five years of his reign paying the invaders off.
In , Alfred's forces were overwhelmed at Chippenham in a surprise attack. It was only now, with the independence of Wessex hanging by a thread, that Alfred emerged as a great king.
In May he led a force that defeated the Danes at Edington. The victory was so complete that the Danish leader, Guthrum , was forced to accept Christian baptism and withdraw from Mercia.
Alfred then set about strengthening the defences of Wessex, building a new navy—60 vessels strong. Alfred's success bought Wessex and Mercia years of peace and sparked economic recovery in previously ravaged areas.
Alfred's success was sustained by his son Edward , whose decisive victories over the Danes in East Anglia in and were followed by a crushing victory at Tempsford in These military gains allowed Edward to fully incorporate Mercia into his kingdom and add East Anglia to his conquests.
Edward then set about reinforcing his northern borders against the Danish kingdom of Northumbria. Edward's rapid conquest of the English kingdoms meant Wessex received homage from those that remained, including Gwynedd in Wales and Scotland.
These conquests led to his adopting the title 'King of the English' for the first time. The dominance and independence of England was maintained by the kings that followed.
Two powerful Danish kings Harold Bluetooth and later his son Sweyn both launched devastating invasions of England. Anglo-Saxon forces were resoundingly defeated at Maldon in More Danish attacks followed, and their victories were frequent.
His solution was to pay off the Danes: for almost 20 years he paid increasingly large sums to the Danish nobles to keep them from English coasts.
These payments, known as Danegelds , crippled the English economy. Then he made a great error: in he ordered the massacre of all the Danes in England.
In response, Sweyn began a decade of devastating attacks on England. Northern England, with its sizable Danish population, sided with Sweyn. By , London, Oxford, and Winchester had fallen to the Danes.
Cnut seized the throne, crowning himself King of England. Alfred of Wessex died in and was succeeded by his son Edward the Elder.
The titles attributed to him in charters and on coins suggest a still more widespread dominance. His expansion aroused ill-feeling among the other kingdoms of Britain, and he defeated a combined Scottish-Viking army at the Battle of Brunanburh.
However, the unification of England was not a certainty. Nevertheless, Edgar , who ruled the same expanse as Athelstan, consolidated the kingdom, which remained united thereafter.
There were renewed Scandinavian attacks on England at the end of the 10th century. Under his rule the kingdom became the centre of government for the North Sea empire which included Denmark and Norway.
Cnut was succeeded by his sons, but in the native dynasty was restored with the accession of Edward the Confessor. Edward's failure to produce an heir caused a furious conflict over the succession on his death in His struggles for power against Godwin, Earl of Wessex , the claims of Cnut's Scandinavian successors, and the ambitions of the Normans whom Edward introduced to English politics to bolster his own position caused each to vie for control of Edward's reign.
Harold Godwinson became king, probably appointed by Edward on his deathbed and endorsed by the Witan. After marching from Yorkshire , Harold's exhausted army was defeated and Harold was killed at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October.
For five years, he faced a series of rebellions in various parts of England and a half-hearted Danish invasion, but he subdued them and established an enduring regime.
The Norman Conquest led to a profound change in the history of the English state. William ordered the compilation of the Domesday Book , a survey of the entire population and their lands and property for tax purposes, which reveals that within 20 years of the conquest the English ruling class had been almost entirely dispossessed and replaced by Norman landholders, who monopolised all senior positions in the government and the Church.
William and his nobles spoke and conducted court in Norman French , in both Normandy and England. The use of the Anglo-Norman language by the aristocracy endured for centuries and left an indelible mark in the development of modern English.
Upon being crowned, on Christmas Day , William immediately began consolidating his power. By , he faced revolts on all sides and spent four years crushing them.
He then imposed his superiority over Scotland and Wales, forcing them to recognise him as overlord. The English Middle Ages were characterised by civil war , international war, occasional insurrection, and widespread political intrigue among the aristocratic and monarchic elite.
England was more than self-sufficient in cereals, dairy products, beef and mutton. Its international economy was based on wool trade , in which wool from the sheepwalks of northern England was exported to the textile cities of Flanders , where it was worked into cloth.
Medieval foreign policy was as much shaped by relations with the Flemish textile industry as it was by dynastic adventures in western France.
An English textile industry was established in the 15th century, providing the basis for rapid English capital accumulation.
Henry was also known as "Henry Beauclerc" because he received a formal education, unlike his older brother and heir apparent William who got practical training to be king.
Henry worked hard to reform and stabilise the country and smooth the differences between the Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman societies.
The loss of his son, William Adelin , in the wreck of the White Ship in November , undermined his reforms. This problem regarding succession cast a long shadow over English history.
Henry I had required the leading barons, ecclesiastics and officials in Normandy and England, to take an oath to accept Matilda also known as Empress Maud, Henry I's daughter as his heir.
England was far less than enthusiastic to accept an outsider, and a woman, as their ruler. There is some evidence that Henry was unsure of his own hopes and the oath to make Matilda his heir.
Probably Henry hoped Matilda would have a son and step aside as Queen Mother. Upon Henry's death, the Norman and English barons ignored Matilda's claim to the throne, and thus through a series of decisions, Stephen , Henry's favourite nephew, was welcomed by many in England and Normandy as their new king.
On 22 December , Stephen was anointed king with implicit support by the church and nation. Matilda and her own son waited in France until she sparked the civil war from — known as the Anarchy.
In the autumn of , she invaded England with her illegitimate half-brother Robert of Gloucester.
Her husband, Geoffroy V of Anjou , conquered Normandy but did not cross the channel to help his wife.
During this breakdown of central authority, nobles built adulterine castles i. Stephen was captured, and his government fell. Matilda was proclaimed queen but was soon at odds with her subjects and was expelled from London.
The war continued until , when Matilda returned to France. Stephen reigned unopposed until his death in , although his hold on the throne was uneasy.
As soon as he regained power, he began to demolish the adulterine castles, but kept a few castles standing, which put him at odds with his heir.
His contested reign, civil war and lawlessness broke out saw a major swing in power towards feudal barons. In trying to appease Scottish and Welsh raiders, he handed over large tracts of land.
When Stephen's son and heir apparent Eustace died in , Stephen made an agreement with Henry of Anjou who became Henry II to succeed Stephen and guarantee peace between them.
The union was retrospectively named the Angevin Empire. Henry II destroyed the remaining adulterine castles and expanded his power through various means and to different levels into Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Flanders, Nantes, Brittany, Quercy, Toulouse, Bourges and Auvergne.
The reign of Henry II represents a reversion in power from the barony to the monarchical state in England; it was also to see a similar redistribution of legislative power from the Church, again to the monarchical state.
This period also presaged a properly constituted legislation and a radical shift away from feudalism. In his reign, new Anglo-Angevin and Anglo-Aquitanian aristocracies developed, though not to the same degree as the Anglo-Norman once did, and the Norman nobles interacted with their French peers.
Henry's successor, Richard I "the Lion Heart" also known as "the absent king" , was preoccupied with foreign wars, taking part in the Third Crusade , being captured while returning and pledging fealty to the Holy Roman Empire as part of his ransom, and defending his French territories against Philip II of France.
His successor, his younger brother John , lost much of those territories including Normandy following the disastrous Battle of Bouvines in , despite having in made the Kingdom of England a tribute-paying vassal of the Holy See , which it remained until the 14th century when the Kingdom rejected the overlordship of the Holy See and re-established its sovereignty.
From onwards, John had a constant policy of maintaining close relations with the Pope, which partially explains how he persuaded the Pope to reject the legitimacy of Magna Carta.
Over the course of his reign, a combination of higher taxes, unsuccessful wars and conflict with the Pope made King John unpopular with his barons.
In , some of the most important barons rebelled against him. He met their leaders along with their French and Scot allies at Runnymede , near London on 15 June to seal the Great Charter Magna Carta in Latin , which imposed legal limits on the king's personal powers.
But as soon as hostilities ceased, John received approval from the Pope to break his word because he had made it under duress. John travelled around the country to oppose the rebel forces, directing, among other operations, a two-month siege of the rebel-held Rochester Castle.
John's son, Henry III , was only 9 years old when he became king — He spent much of his reign fighting the barons over Magna Carta [44] and the royal rights, and was eventually forced to call the first " parliament " in He was also unsuccessful on the Continent, where he endeavoured to re-establish English control over Normandy , Anjou , and Aquitaine.
His reign was punctuated by many rebellions and civil wars, often provoked by incompetence and mismanagement in government and Henry's perceived over-reliance on French courtiers thus restricting the influence of the English nobility.
One of these rebellions—led by a disaffected courtier, Simon de Montfort —was notable for its assembly of one of the earliest precursors to Parliament.
Henry III's policies towards Jews began with relative tolerance, but became gradually more restrictive. In the Statute of Jewry , reinforced physical segregation and demanded a previously notional requirement to wear square white badges.
Popular superstitious fears were fuelled, and Catholic theological hostility combined with Baronial abuse of loan arrangements, resulting in Simon de Montfort 's supporters targeting of Jewish communities in their revolt.
This hostility, violence and controversy was the background to the increasingly oppressive measures that followed under Edward I. The reign of Edward I reigned — was rather more successful.
Edward enacted numerous laws strengthening the powers of his government, and he summoned the first officially sanctioned Parliaments of England such as his Model Parliament.
He conquered Wales and attempted to use a succession dispute to gain control of the Kingdom of Scotland , though this developed into a costly and drawn-out military campaign.
Edward I is also known for his policies first persecuting Jews, particularly the Statute of the Jewry. This banned Jews from their previous role in making loans, and demanded that they work as merchants, farmers, craftsmen or soldiers.
This was unrealistic, and failed. His son, Edward II , proved a disaster. A weak man who preferred to engage in activities like thatching and ditch-digging [ citation needed ] rather than jousting, hunting, or the usual entertainments of kings, he spent most of his reign trying in vain to control the nobility, who in return showed continual hostility to him.
In , the English army was disastrously defeated by the Scots at the Battle of Bannockburn. Edward also showered favours on his companion Piers Gaveston , a knight of humble birth.
While it has been widely believed that Edward was a homosexual because of his closeness to Gaveston, there is no concrete evidence of this. The king's enemies, including his cousin Thomas of Lancaster , captured and murdered Gaveston in Edward's downfall came in when his wife, Queen Isabella , travelled to her native France and, with her lover Roger Mortimer , invaded England.
Despite their tiny force, they quickly rallied support for their cause. The king fled London, and his companion since Piers Gaveston's death, Hugh Despenser , was publicly tried and executed.
Edward was captured, charged with breaking his coronation oath, deposed and imprisoned in Gloucestershire until he was murdered some time in the autumn of , presumably by agents of Isabella and Mortimer.
Millions of people in northern Europe died in the Great Famine of — At age 17, he led a successful coup against Mortimer, the de facto ruler of the country, and began his personal reign.
Edward III reigned —, restored royal authority and went on to transform England into the most efficient military power in Europe. His reign saw vital developments in legislature and government—in particular the evolution of the English parliament—as well as the ravages of the Black Death.
After defeating, but not subjugating, the Kingdom of Scotland , he declared himself rightful heir to the French throne in , but his claim was denied due to the Salic law.
This started what would become known as the Hundred Years' War. Edward's later years were marked by international failure and domestic strife, largely as a result of his inactivity and poor health.
For many years, trouble had been brewing with Castile —a Spanish kingdom whose navy had taken to raiding English merchant ships in the Channel.
Edward won a major naval victory against a Castilian fleet off Winchelsea in In spite of Edward's success, however, Winchelsea was only a flash in a conflict that raged between the English and the Spanish for over years, [56] coming to a head with the defeat of the Spanish Armada in In , England signed an alliance with the Kingdom of Portugal , which is claimed to be the oldest alliance in the world still in force.
It was suppressed by Richard II , with the death of rebels. The Black Death , an epidemic of bubonic plague that spread all over Europe, arrived in England in and killed as much as a third to half the population.
Military conflicts during this period were usually with domestic neighbours such as the Welsh, Irish and Scots, and included the Hundred Years' War against the French and their Scottish allies.
Edward III gave land to powerful noble families, including many people of royal lineage. Because land was equivalent to power, these powerful men could try to claim the crown.
The autocratic and arrogant methods of Richard II only served to alienate the nobility more, and his forceful dispossession in by Henry IV increased the turmoil.
Henry spent much of his reign defending himself against plots, rebellions and assassination attempts. The king's success in putting down these rebellions was due partly to the military ability of his eldest son, Henry of Monmouth , [58] who later became king though the son managed to seize much effective power from his father in Henry V succeeded to the throne in He renewed hostilities with France and began a set of military campaigns which are considered a new phase of the Hundred Years' War , referred to as the Lancastrian War.
He won several notable victories over the French, including at the Battle of Agincourt. They married in Henry died of dysentery in , leaving a number of unfulfilled plans, including his plan to take over as King of France and to lead a crusade to retake Jerusalem from the Muslims.
Henry V's son, Henry VI , became king in as an infant. His reign was marked by constant turmoil due to his political weaknesses.
While he was growing up, England was ruled by the Regency government. It appeared they might succeed due to the poor political position of the son of Charles VI, who had claimed to be the rightful king as Charles VII of France.
However, in , Joan of Arc began a military effort to prevent the English from gaining control of France. The French forces regained control of French territory.
In , Henry VI came of age and began to actively rule as king. To forge peace, he married French noblewoman Margaret of Anjou in , as provided in the Treaty of Tours.
Hostilities with France resumed in Henry could not control the feuding nobles, and a series of civil wars known as the Wars of the Roses began, lasting from to Although the fighting was very sporadic and small, there was a general breakdown in the power of the Crown.
The royal court and Parliament moved to Coventry, in the Lancastrian heartlands, which thus became the capital of England until Richard was later briefly expelled from the throne in — when Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick , brought Henry back to power.
Six months later, Edward defeated and killed Warwick in battle and reclaimed the throne. Henry was imprisoned in the Tower of London and died there.
Edward died in , only 40 years old. His reign having went a little way to restoring the power of the Crown. His eldest son and heir Edward V , aged 13, could not succeed him because the king's brother, Richard III, Duke of Gloucester , declared Edward IV's marriage bigamous, making all his children illegitimate.
The two were never seen again. It was widely believed that Richard III had them murdered and he was reviled as a treacherous fiend, which limited his ability to govern during his brief reign.
In summer , Henry Tudor , the last Lancastrian male, returned from exile in France and landed in Wales.
Traditionally, the Battle of Bosworth Field is considered to mark the end of the Middle Ages in England, although Henry did not introduce any new concept of monarchy, and for most of his reign his hold on power was tenuous.
He claimed the throne by conquest and God's judgement in battle. Parliament quickly recognized him as king, but the Yorkists were far from defeated.
Most of the European rulers did not believe Henry would survive long, and were thus willing to shelter claimants against him. The first plot against him was the Stafford and Lovell rebellion of , which presented no serious threat.
Using a peasant boy named Lambert Simnel , who posed as Edward, Earl of Warwick the real Warwick was locked up in the Tower of London , he led an army of 2, German mercenaries paid for by Margaret of Burgundy into England.
They were defeated and de la Pole was killed at the difficult Battle of Stoke , where the loyalty of some of the royal troops to Henry was questionable.
The king, realizing that Simnel was a dupe, employed him in the royal kitchen. Again with support from Margaret of Burgundy, he invaded England four times from to before he was captured and imprisoned in the Tower of London.
Both Warbeck and the Earl of Warwick were dangerous even in captivity, and Henry executed them in before Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain would allow their daughter Catherine to come to England and marry his son Arthur.
In , Henry defeated Cornish rebels marching on London. The rest of his reign was relatively peaceful, despite worries about succession after the death of his wife Elizabeth of York in Henry VII's foreign policy was peaceful.
He had made an alliance with Spain and the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I , but in , when they went to war with France, England was dragged into the conflict.
Impoverished and his hold on power insecure, Henry had no desire for war. He quickly reached an understanding with the French and renounced all claims to their territory except the port of Calais, realizing also that he could not stop them from incorporating the Duchy of Brittany.
In return, the French agreed to recognize him as king and stop sheltering pretenders. Shortly afterwards, they became preoccupied with adventures in Italy.
Henry also reached an understanding with Scotland, agreeing to marry his daughter Margaret to that country's king James IV.
Upon becoming king, Henry inherited a government severely weakened and degraded by the Wars of the Roses.
The treasury was empty, having been drained by Edward IV's Woodville in-laws after his death. Through a tight fiscal policy and sometimes ruthless tax collection and confiscations, Henry refilled the treasury by the time of his death.
He also effectively rebuilt the machinery of government. In , the king's son Arthur , having married Catherine of Aragon , died of illness at age 15, leaving his younger brother Henry, Duke of York as heir.
When the king himself died in , the position of the Tudors was secure at last, and his son succeeded him unopposed. Henry VIII began his reign with much optimism.
The handsome, athletic young king stood in sharp contrast to his wary, miserly father. Henry's lavish court quickly drained the treasury of the fortune he inherited.
He married the widowed Catherine of Aragon , and they had several children, but none survived infancy except a daughter, Mary.
In , the young king started a war in France. Although England was an ally of Spain, one of France's principal enemies, the war was mostly about Henry's desire for personal glory, despite his sister Mary being married to the French king Louis XII.
The war accomplished little. The English army suffered badly from disease, and Henry was not even present at the one notable victory, the Battle of the Spurs.
Meanwhile, James IV of Scotland despite being Henry's other brother-in-law , activated his alliance with the French and declared war on England.
While Henry was dallying in France, Catherine, who was serving as regent in his absence, and his advisers were left to deal with this threat.
At the Battle of Flodden on 9 September , the Scots were completely defeated. James and most of the Scottish nobles were killed.
When Henry returned from France, he was given credit for the victory. Eventually, Catherine was no longer able to have any more children. The king became increasingly nervous about the possibility of his daughter Mary inheriting the throne, as England's one experience with a female sovereign, Matilda in the 12th century, had been a catastrophe.
He eventually decided that it was necessary to divorce Catherine and find a new queen. To persuade the Church to allow this, Henry cited the passage in the Book of Leviticus : "If a man taketh his brother's wife, he hath committed adultery; they shall be childless".
However, Catherine insisted that she and Arthur never consummated their brief marriage and that the prohibition did not apply here.
The timing of Henry's case was very unfortunate; it was and the Pope had been imprisoned by emperor Charles V , Catherine's nephew and the most powerful man in Europe, for siding with his archenemy Francis I of France.
Because he could not divorce in these circumstances, Henry seceded from the Church, in what became known as the English Reformation.
The newly established Church of England amounted to little more than the existing Catholic Church, but led by the king rather than the Pope.
It took a number of years for the separation from Rome to be completed, and many were executed for resisting the king's religious policies.
In , Catherine was banished from court and spent the rest of her life until her death in alone in an isolated manor home, barred from contact with Mary.
Secret correspondence continued thanks to her ladies-in-waiting. Their marriage was declared invalid, making Mary an illegitimate child.
Henry married Anne Boleyn secretly in January , just as his divorce from Catherine was finalised. They had a second, public wedding. Anne soon became pregnant and may have already been when they wed.
But on 7 September , she gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth. The king was devastated at his failure to obtain a son after all the effort it had taken to remarry.
Gradually, he came to develop a disliking of his new queen for her strange behaviour. In , when Anne was pregnant again, Henry was badly injured in a jousting accident.
Shaken by this, the queen gave birth prematurely to a stillborn boy. By now, the king was convinced that his marriage was hexed, and having already found a new queen, Jane Seymour, he put Anne in the Tower of London on charges of witchcraft.
Afterwards, she was beheaded along with five men her brother included accused of adultery with her. The marriage was then declared invalid, so that Elizabeth, just like her half sister, became a bastard.
Henry immediately married Jane Seymour , who became pregnant almost as quickly. On 12 October , she gave birth to a healthy boy, Edward, which was greeted with huge celebrations.
However, the queen died of puerperal sepsis ten days later.
Könige England Quellen dieser Liste „Englische Könige & Königinnen“
Eduard V. Das war nicht die Serie Silicon Valley Namensänderung in der britischen Geschichte. Gab das Amt des Lordprotektors Gibsy, worauf die Restauration Do Not Disturb Stuartkönigtums folgte. Führte den dritten Kreuzzug — an und geriet in die Gefangenschaft des römisch-deutschen Kaisers. Sherlock Irene Adler verstand er es im Alter durch Reisen nach IrlandHannover und Schottlanddort Sympathien für die englische Königsherrschaft zu wecken. Noch 18 Jahre später vermerkten Steuereintreiber hier Betreutes Trinken, brachliegendes Land. Christus wurde eine Armee von keltischen Kriegern aus dem Stamm der Bretonen in der Schlacht von Deorham vernichtend geschlagen. Doch der Ärger war es wert. Im September überflügelte sie Königin Victoria als Monarchin mit der längsten Regierungszeit in der britischen Geschichte.
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